職稱英語《綜合類》語法介紹:動詞語態(tài)
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生在循序漸進的進行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語《綜合類》語法介紹:動詞語態(tài)”,希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語考試綜合類詞匯練習匯總
動詞的語態(tài)及主謂一致的原則
相關(guān)背景知識介紹:
2005年衛(wèi)生類C級閱讀理解部分文章
From saving money
(Where you save your money depends on what you are saving for). (1)If you are saving to buy a CD(光盤) or go to a concert, then probably you would keep your money somewhere in your room.
(2)When you keep your money in a bank, your money earns interest. …(3)The bank uses your money to loan money to people and business.
(4)The bank will send you a statement several times a year. (5)A bank statement tells you how much money you have in your bank.
這篇文章的基調(diào)事態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 用于對文章的主題”存錢”進行客觀的講述, 客觀的分析在現(xiàn)在的生活中如何存錢.文章中句子的時態(tài), 無論是主句時態(tài)還是從句時態(tài)一般都與現(xiàn)在時態(tài)相關(guān)
要點回顧:
主句和從句時態(tài)一致性;
文章中相臨語句時態(tài)通常彼此呼應(yīng), 一致;
英語中的動詞語態(tài)是用來說明句中主語與謂語之間關(guān)系的動詞形式。英語語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動語態(tài)(Passive Voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者,被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。我們在實際應(yīng)用中經(jīng)常會碰到被動語態(tài)的句子,如:
理工類from Please Fasten Your Seatbelt
“laser pulses are sent ahead of the plane and these are then reflected back by particles in the air.”
被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)在職稱英語的文章中, 甚至在考題中出現(xiàn)的頻率都較高, 如:
2005年理工類閱讀判斷文章The Smog
But smog is not just an Asian problem. In fact, the word was first used in London in 1905 to describe the mixture of smoke and thick fog. … Sometimes the smog was so thick and poisonous that people were killed by breathing problems or in accidents.
在文章后面的問題中被動語態(tài)也是頻繁地被使用, 如:The Smog這篇文章后面的第6題:
6. The forest animals haven’t been affected by the smog.
如:閱讀理解Pushbike Danger后的第2題:
2. How many abdominal injuries in children were caused by bicycle accidents?
在2005年理工C的考題中還有其他不少地方出現(xiàn)了被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu), 從上面的例子中我們可以了解到:
1. 英語中被動語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是: be + v.ed
2. “be + v.ed”這個結(jié)構(gòu)相當于中文中的“被”,“受到”等含義。
3. 英語中的被動語態(tài)會有不同的時態(tài)表現(xiàn)形式,如:is caused; was caused; has been caused; had been caused等。
絕大多數(shù)的及物動詞和及物動詞短語都可構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。不及物動詞或不及物動詞的短語動詞和表示狀態(tài)的詞無被動語態(tài)。
“主謂一致”(“主語和謂語人稱和數(shù)一致性的原則”)的原則具體來說就是“主語的人稱和數(shù)決定了謂語部分動詞的形態(tài)”,我們剛才看到的那些句子中主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系也是受到主謂一致性的影響:
Where you save your money depends on what you are saving for. (1)If you are saving to buy a CD(光盤) or go to a concert, then probably you would keep your money somewhere in your room.
(2)When you keep your money in a bank, your money earns interest. …(3)The bank uses your money to loan money to people and business.
(4)The bank will send you a statement several times a year. (5)A bank statement tells you how much money you have in your bank.
在以往的職稱英語考題中“主謂一致”這個考點會直接在完型填空題中出現(xiàn)。從近幾年的職稱英語考題來看—完型填空題把主要考察重點放在詞匯/短語的詞義辨析,詞匯/短語的拼寫形式的辨別, 和詞匯/短語的搭配使用特點上。對“主謂一致”考察通常是間接地進行的, 最常見的就是考察對文章中結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子句意的理解, 如:2005年理工類C級閱讀理解的文章:
(Almost Human??)
Machines that walk, speak and feel are no longer science fiction.
被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)
?、?、被動語態(tài)的形式
被動語態(tài)是由be (助動詞)+過去分詞(及物動詞)構(gòu)成。be隨主語的人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的不同而變化?,F(xiàn)將被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式列表如下(以provide為例)
|
一般時態(tài) |
進行時態(tài) |
完成時態(tài) |
現(xiàn)在 |
am provided is provided are provided |
am being provided is being providedare being provided |
has been provided have been provided |
過去 |
was provided were provided |
was being provided were being provided |
had been provided |
將來 |
shall be provided will be provided |
|
shall have been provided will have been provided |
過去將來 |
should be provided would be provided |
|
should have been provided would have been provided |
黑體結(jié)構(gòu)是在職稱英語考試中常出現(xiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
注:
?、?在美語中,will和would可用于各種人稱。
?、?被動語態(tài)的一般疑問句和否定句的構(gòu)成:構(gòu)成一般疑問句時,將主語后的第一個助動詞提至句首; 構(gòu)成否定句時,將not加在第一個助動詞后。例如:
Natural gas has been found in this area. (肯定句)
Has natural gas been found in this area? (疑問句)
Natural gas has not been found in this area. (否定句)
?、?帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:由情態(tài)動詞can, may, must等加助動詞be,再加過去分詞構(gòu)成。這些情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:
Such shops can be seen everywhere in the city.
The composition must be finished next week.
Ⅱ、主動句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動句:
主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳涫峭ㄟ^這樣轉(zhuǎn)換而實現(xiàn)的:
1.把主動句的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為被動句的主語;
2.把主動句的謂語換成被動語態(tài);
3.把主動句的主語前加by構(gòu)成短語,放在被動語態(tài)的謂語之后。此by…短語根據(jù)需要而定,有時可以省略。
如: We use coal to heat homes.
動作執(zhí)行者(主語) 謂語 賓語(動作承受者) 狀語
Coal is used by us to heat homes.
動作承受者 謂語 動作執(zhí)行者 狀語
注:
?、?帶有介詞或副詞的短語動詞,如call on, carry out, look after, take care of等用被動語態(tài)時,應(yīng)視為不可分割的一部分,后面的介飼或副詞不能丟掉,如:
主動句:Grandma looks after my younger brother well.
被動句:My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).
接下來我們一塊來分析幾個選自《職稱英語等級考試用書》上的句子:
1. Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages.
(From Dyslexia )
2. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago.
3 However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed.
主謂一致原則
主謂一致是指句中的主語和謂語的一致。我們一般遵從三個原則:
1、 語法一致的原則:
語法一致的原則是指主語為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時,其謂語動詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。但我們要注意一些特殊情況;
1) 以along with, together with, as well as, accompanied by, rather than, but, except連接的兩個主語,其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)以第一個主語為主。
e.g. Several passengers, together with the driver, were hurt.
e.g. All students but/except Tom are going to see the film.
e.g. It is Mary rather than her students who is leaving for Beijing.
2) 表示時間,重量,長度,價格等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,作主語從整體來看時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
e.g. Fifty years is not a long time.
3) 非謂語動詞,從句或其他短語作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g. To eat an apple every day is healthful.
e.g. What I want to know is when I could go home.
4) 如果主語是由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞,但前面有each, every, no等詞修飾時,謂語用單數(shù)
e.g. Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.
2、 意義一致的原則:
意義一致的原則指謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語所表達的概念,而不取決于表面的語法標志,主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù);指具體成員時用復(fù)數(shù)。類似這樣的集體名詞有:family, class, audience, committee, crowd, crew, group, population, team, public, council, village等。
e.g. His family has lived there for more than twenty years.。
e.g. My family are all well.
e.g. The public/ the crowd is the best judge.
3、 就近原則:
所謂就近原則是指謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語,而無須考慮其他的詞。
1) 以either…or, or, neither…nor和not only…but also連接的兩個主語,其謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與離謂語最近的主語保持一致。
e.g. Either you or he has to go there with me.
2) 由there或here引起的主語,而又不止是一個時,采取就近原則。
e.g. Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
對于“主謂語一致”原則的直接考察一般是出自于完型填空題中,但現(xiàn)在職稱英語出題的趨勢是對這種語法點的直接考察題越來越少了,但這種原則的理解卻能幫助我們解答一些文章閱讀方面的問題。如:2002年綜合類A級閱讀理解第3篇文章:Effects of Environmental Pollution 一文中有這樣一道題:
The word "spectres" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. pollution
B. carbon dioxide二氧化物
C. aerosols
D. ghosts
D. 分析: 文章相關(guān)句是:Two spectres haunting conservationists have hold: the prospect前途;形勢that environmental pollution might lead to the planet's becoming unbearably hot or cold.該句中的two以及謂語結(jié)構(gòu) have been都說明"spectres"是可數(shù)的復(fù)述名詞,所以可以直接排除A和B, 答案只能出字C和D, 現(xiàn)在有兩個方法繼續(xù)解題: 1. 借助字典, 查出"spectres"是“幽靈;鬼影”, C和D中只有D是“鬼,幽靈”,因此D是答案; 2。 借助句意或避重就輕借助上下文:接下來的一句說:One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of …,句子中的these ghosts(這些幽靈)表明這個短語的內(nèi)容與前句中的相關(guān)內(nèi)容(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)呼應(yīng), 前句中的中的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只有Two spectres 和conservationists(自然資源保護論者), 因此判斷Two spectres和these ghosts呼應(yīng), 所以答案是D. 該題考察代詞的指代內(nèi)容.
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語考試即將開始報名,本文整理“職稱英語《綜合類》語法介紹:動詞語態(tài)”。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問,請登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇,我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生在循序漸進的進行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語《綜合類》語法介紹:動詞語態(tài)”,希望備考2017年職稱英語考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語考試綜合類詞匯練習匯總
職稱英語核心詞匯推薦:
benefit n.利益, 好處, v.有益于, 有助于, (常與from, by連用)獲益;得益于(for the benefit of/為了...的好處);
beside prep.在…旁邊(beside the point/離題; beside oneself/幾乎發(fā)狂);
besides prep. 除…以外adv. 此外, 而且 ( besides 和except 都含“除...外”的意思。besides指“除...外, 另外還有”, 著重“另外還有”, 如:I have five other books besides this.除這本以外, 我還有五本別的書。except的含意是“從整體里減去一部分”, 著重于“排除在外”, 如:We all went there except Xiao Li.除了小李以外, 我們都到那兒去 )
best (good 的最高級; well 的最高級) adj.最好的adv.最好地,n 最好的東西(try/do one's best to do sth./盡最大的努力做..; the best and the worst最好的和最差的; make the best of/ 盡量利用; at best/至多)
better (good 的比較級; well 的比較級)adj.較好的,更好的,(健康)好轉(zhuǎn)的adv.更好地,更多地 (Better late than never.(諺)遲做總比不做好; had better do sth. 最好做..; had better not to so sth. /最好不做..);
between prep. 在(兩者)之間; 處在...之間 (between一般用于兩者之間,而 among用于二者以上)
beyond prep. [表示位置]在[向]...的那邊, 在...之外; [表示范圍, 限度]超出
bicycle n. 自行車 (ride a bicycle/騎自行車)
big (bigger, biggest) adj.大的, 重要的
bill n. 帳單, 鈔票(a 10-dollar bill/一張10美元的鈔票; pay the bill for../ 付..的帳單)
billion n. adj.十億(的)
bind (bound, bound) v. 捆, 綁, 縛, 扎, (用繃帶)包扎(up), 約束, 使粘合(bind up a wound/包扎傷口)
biological adj. 生物學,生物學的;
bird n. 鳥(birds of a feather/同類的人;一丘之貉 kill 2 birds with one stone/一舉兩得,一箭雙雕); birth n. 出生,誕生,起源(give birth to/生育, 引起)
birthday n. 生日;
bit (bite 的過去式和過去分詞) n.小塊;少許(a bit (of)/ 有點;稍微; bit by bit/漸漸,一點一點);
bitter adj. 苦的,痛苦的
black adj. 黑色的;弄臟了的
blame v.指責,歸咎把(某事)責任歸于…(blame sb. for sth. /因某事責備某人);
blank adj. 空白的,空著的;沒有表情的 n. 空白,[美] 表格;
blind adj. 瞎的,盲目的(turn a blind eye (to)/不去注意..);
block n. 木塊;石塊;街區(qū)(a block of rock/一塊石頭)
blood n. 血,血液; (Blood is thicker than water. /血濃于水。
bloody adj. 血腥的;有血的;
(B級)bloom n. 花;旺盛 v. (使)開花;(使)繁盛, (come into bloom/開花);
blow: v. (風)吹, 喘氣;吹氣, (輪胎等)爆炸
blue n. 藍色;adj. 藍色的;
board n. 木板;(供特殊用途的)木板;部(on board/在船上;在公共交通工具內(nèi)a board of directors/董事會);
boat: n. 船
body n. 身體;尸體;主要部分;(with body and soul/全心全意);
相關(guān)詞匯練習題:
(CET-4, 2000.1)
1. We take our skin for granted until it is burned ___ repair.
A. beyond B. for C. without D. under
1. A. 分析: 根據(jù)句意“我們一直認為我們的皮膚不會出問題,直到它被燒傷,…修復(fù)”, 判斷A(超過了…的范圍).
leave [sail] for London 動身[坐船]到倫敦去
have a liking for music 愛好音樂
a house for rent 〔美國〕房屋出租
without taking leave 假也不請(就…)
under a tree 在樹下
under medical treatment 在治療中
take sth. for granted: 認為…不會出問題
(變形于考研, 1994)
2. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes empty, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.
A. dim b. blank C. faint D. vain
2. B. 分析: blank – empty –bare 空的,空虛的
dim – faint模糊的
faint軟弱的,無力的, 模糊的
vain .徒然的, 自負的
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語考試即將開始報名,本文整理“職稱英語《綜合類》語法介紹:動詞語態(tài)”。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問,請登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇,我們隨時與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
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