職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生在循序漸進(jìn)的進(jìn)行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”,希望備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類詞匯練習(xí)匯總
各種從句的構(gòu)成和意義---定語(yǔ)從句與英語(yǔ)中的其他定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
相關(guān)背景知識(shí)介紹:
在英語(yǔ)中能充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的“角色”很多,如:不定式結(jié)構(gòu),介詞結(jié)構(gòu),動(dòng)名詞,分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞),名詞,形容詞/復(fù)合形容詞和定語(yǔ)從句。但這些結(jié)構(gòu)在作定語(yǔ)時(shí)位置卻未必都在所修飾詞的前面,如:(選自C級(jí)難度的文章The White House)
On the next其次的floor, there are three rooms named after the colors(過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)) that are used in them(定語(yǔ)從句): the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk cloth. There are many pieces of old furniture, from the time when the White House was first built(定語(yǔ)從句).
(be named after…: 以…而命名)
l 定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clause)
在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞有兩類:
1、 關(guān)系代詞:which, that, who, whom, whose
2、 關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
Ⅰ關(guān)系代詞引出定語(yǔ)從句
which, that代替事或物,在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略)。Who, that代替人,在從句中who做主語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ)(可省略)。Whose代替人或物,在從句中做定語(yǔ)。如:
1. The road which (that)leads to the small town has been widened.
通往小鎮(zhèn)的那條路已經(jīng)加寬了。(which或that 在從句中做主語(yǔ))
(lead to (道路等)通往)
2. I want the book that(which) you borrowed from the library.
我想要你從圖書館借的那本書。(that或which在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
3. Students who (that)study hard are usually successful.
學(xué)習(xí)努力的學(xué)生往往獲得成就。(who或that在從句中做主語(yǔ))
4. The man whom( that )you are talking to is the dean大學(xué)的)院長(zhǎng),系主任of our department.
與你交談的那個(gè)人是我們的系主任。(whom, that 在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
(talk to sb. : 對(duì)某人說(shuō)話)
5. There have been only a few scientists whose work has changed man’s total view of the world.
只有少數(shù)幾位科學(xué)家的工作成果改變了人類整個(gè)對(duì)宇宙的看法。(whose指人,whose所在的結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中做主語(yǔ))
提示:whose 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,且whose所在的結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 可以按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)順序進(jìn)行翻譯(whose 翻譯成 “的”):
e.g. a river whose banks are covered with trees 河的兩岸由樹覆蓋者/ 河的兩岸種植有樹木。
比較:
6. The building whose roof we can see from here is the United Nations Headquarters.
從我們這里能看見屋頂?shù)哪亲鶚鞘锹?lián)合國(guó)總部。(whose指物,whose所在的結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中做賓語(yǔ))
小節(jié):
1. 關(guān)系代詞which, who, whom, that如果在從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略;
2. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)必須與先行詞一致,如上面的第(1)、(3)句。第(1)句 (The road which (that)leads to the small town has been widened.) 中先行詞road是第三人稱單數(shù),所以從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用leads; 第(3)句 (Students who (that)study hard are usually successful.) 中先行詞students是第三人稱復(fù)數(shù),所以從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用study.
3. 在用whom引出的定語(yǔ)從句中,如前面不帶介詞,可用who代替whom, 如上面第(4)句。
4. 關(guān)系代詞that和which在指物時(shí),一般沒(méi)什么區(qū)別,但在下列情況下一般用that;
A.先行詞為all, everything, nothing, anything, little等不定代詞時(shí)。如:
e.g. All (that)she lacked was training. 她唯一缺乏的就是鍛煉。
e.g. Everything(that)we saw at the exhibition was of great interest.
我們展覽會(huì)上看到的一切都很吸引人。
B、先行詞為序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。如:
e.g. The first things(that)you have to do is to register.
你必須要做的第一件事是注冊(cè)登記。
e.g. This is the most exciting football game (that) I have ever seen.
這是我看到最激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽。
?、蜿P(guān)系副詞引出的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞when指時(shí)間、where指地點(diǎn),why指原因,她們引出的定語(yǔ)從句分別用來(lái)修飾表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的先行詞如day, time, place, building, reason等。這些關(guān)系副詞在從句中均做狀語(yǔ)。例如:
e.g. In the days when black and white TV sets were so widely used, no one realized how soon color TV sets would replace them. 在黑白電視機(jī)如此廣泛使用的日子里,沒(méi)有人意識(shí)到彩電會(huì)那么快取代它。
e.g. How fast are we running now我們現(xiàn)在跑的速度怎么樣? (多快)
e.g. How often do you go there 你多久去那里一次? (多久一次)
e.g. Ask him how he does it.問(wèn)問(wèn)他是怎樣做的。
e.g. He does not know how to swim. 他不知道怎樣游泳。
e.g. Air conditioning is very important in some industries where special conditions must be kept. 空氣調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)備在一些需要保持特殊環(huán)境的工業(yè)部門十分重要。
e.g. Do you know the reason why things don’t fall off the earth?
你知道物體為什么不掉離地球的原因嗎?
(fall off:下降,離開)
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句型匯總
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯總
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試即將開始報(bào)名,本文整理“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”。如果您在此過(guò)程中遇到任何疑問(wèn),請(qǐng)登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)頻道及職稱英語(yǔ)論壇,我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生在循序漸進(jìn)的進(jìn)行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”,希望備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類詞匯練習(xí)匯總
?、蠼樵~+which(whom)引出的定語(yǔ)從句
這種定語(yǔ)從句在修飾人時(shí),介詞后只用whom,修飾物時(shí)只用which,而不用that.例如:
e.g. The man with whom I share the room is a young teacher fresh from college.
與我同屋的人是一位剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的青年教師。
(fresh from school 剛由學(xué)校畢業(yè))
e.g. This is the shelf on which I keep my books.這是我放書的架子。
e.g. The famous economist of whom we have often heard will come to give us a lecture next Friday.
我們常聽說(shuō)的那位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家下周五將給我們講課。
(hear of: 聽說(shuō) )
(give a lecture: 講課,講演 )
(attend a lecture 聽報(bào)告;上課)
注:
當(dāng)介詞位于從句句末時(shí),作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的which和whom則仍可改用that,也可省略,如上面最后兩句可改為;
This is the shelf (which或that)I keep my books on.
The famous economist(whom或that)we have often heard of will come to give us a lecture next Friday.
?、馰.限制性(restrictive)定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性(non-restrictive)定語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)其與先行詞的密切程度可分為限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
1、 限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,如去掉從句,句子的意思就不完整,不明確。從句與主句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開。譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí),一般先譯定從句,再譯先行詞,譯成“…的…”.
2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散,從句只對(duì)先行詞附加說(shuō)明,沒(méi)有該從句句子的意思仍然完整。 主句與從句之間常用逗號(hào)隔開,翻譯時(shí)一般分譯成兩個(gè)句子。所用關(guān)系代詞與限制性定語(yǔ)從句基本相同,但that一般不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 如:
e.g. Mary has written several popular novels, one of which has been translated into ten foreign languages. 瑪麗寫了幾本暢銷小說(shuō), 其中的一本已經(jīng)被翻譯成十種外語(yǔ). (which 指代several popular novels)
e.g.The professor introduced me to his students, most of whom were from abroad.
教授向我介紹了他的學(xué)生,其中大多數(shù)是來(lái)自國(guó)外。(whom指代his students)
e.g. They rowed across the Atlantic, which had never been done before.
他們劃船橫渡大西洋,這是史無(wú)前例的創(chuàng)舉。(which指代前面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容)
注:
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句除可修飾主句中的詞外,有時(shí)還可修飾整個(gè)主句,這時(shí)所用的關(guān)系代詞which代替的是整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分。從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如上面(3)個(gè)例句,which代替They rowed across the Atlantic整個(gè)主句。
各種從句的構(gòu)成和意義---定語(yǔ)從句與英語(yǔ)中的其他定語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
練習(xí):
難度:A/B級(jí)
In the Global Economy
Most nations today -- regardless of their degree of economic development or their political philosophies – recognize the importance of marketing. Indeed, economic growth in developing nations depends greatly on the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.
Today, a global marketplace is emerging(形成). In many (perhaps most) national markets, companies of numerous countries compete aggressively(激烈地).
Consider the U.S. market for example. Until the late 1970s, the United States provided a large domestic market for American firms, and there was no significant(重大的) foreign competition in most industries in that market. But the picture changed dramatically(顯著地) through the 1980s as foreign firms improved their products and their marketing expertise, and then successfully entered the American market. Many imported products have achieved large sales --- office equipment, autos, apparels(衣服), watches, semiconductors, and consumer electronics for example. As a result the United States has been running large annual trade deficits(赤字), meaning that imports greatly exceed exports.
In the early 1980s, the competition facing U.S. firms came primarily from Japanese companies. Later, companies in the four " Asian tigers " added to competitive pressures. In the 1990s, continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (邊緣)countries and regions will be augmented(擴(kuò)張) by a new challenge from Western Europe. Starting in 1992, the 12-nation European community will eliminate(消除)internal trade barriers and adopt uniform technical, financial, and marketing standards. A more integrated(完整的) European Community will open major marketing opportunities for internationally -- minded U.S. firms, but at the same time, it is expected to stiffen(使變猛烈) competition.
More and more American firms -- many large ones and even some rather small ones -- are moving into foreign markets. Many companies are concluding that achieving profit and growth objectives is most likely through a combination of domestic and international marketing rather than sole reliance on domestic marketing.
注:帶有下劃線的結(jié)構(gòu)是我們挑出的帶有定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)
上文中用不定式作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
the ability to design effective marketing systems for their raw materials and industrial output.
提示:不定式作定語(yǔ)要放在所修飾的詞的后面; 如果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞和所修飾的名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)要注意不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)的選擇;如果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)使用的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)往往需要在該動(dòng)詞后加上介詞。
e.g. I have a book to read.
Comp: I have a book to be read.
Comp: The silk feels very soft.
e.g. She needs a friend to play with.
e.g. I want a pen to write with.
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句型匯總
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯總
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試即將開始報(bào)名,本文整理“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”。如果您在此過(guò)程中遇到任何疑問(wèn),請(qǐng)登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)頻道及職稱英語(yǔ)論壇,我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生在循序漸進(jìn)的進(jìn)行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”,希望備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類詞匯練習(xí)匯總
2.介詞結(jié)構(gòu)
上文中用介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
their degree of economic development
the importance of marketing
economic growth in developing nations
companies of numerous countries
continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (邊緣)countries and regions
a new challenge from Western Europe
注意:介詞結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)只能位于被修飾詞的后面;
e.g. I want the book on the desk.
e.g. Can you see the girl in front of the shop?
3.動(dòng)名詞
上文中沒(méi)有用動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)。
注意:動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于介詞結(jié)構(gòu)for。
e.g. I have had our washing machined examined. (machine for washing)
e.g. We just returned from the reading room. (room for reading)
4.分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞)
上文中用分詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
Many imported products;
A more integrated(完整的) European Community;
the competition facing U.S. firms;
continuing competition from these Pacific Rim (邊緣)countries and regions
internationally -- minded U.S. firms
注意:分詞作定語(yǔ)可放在被修飾的名詞的前面或后面; 單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在被修飾的詞的前面;單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在被修飾的詞前,但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),也可以放在被修飾的詞的后面。
注意:分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般總是放在它所修飾的詞之后
e.g. The man leaning against the window is his youngest son.
e.g. The computer made in our factory has been used to sell tickets to concerts.
5.名詞
上文中用名詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
marketing expertise
office equipment;
consumer electronics;
trade barriers
marketing opportunities;
growth objectives
the U.S. market
trade deficit
注意:名詞修飾名詞時(shí)起修飾作用的名詞只能用作單數(shù)。
e.g. Woman workers should be equally treated as male workers.
注意:有些名詞是以復(fù)數(shù)的形式作修飾語(yǔ)的。
e.g. The customs procedure is not as difficult as you imagined.
e.g. Goods examination is necessary for the safety of us customers.
注意:注意辨別形容詞作修飾語(yǔ)和名詞作修飾語(yǔ)的可能詞義差別。
e.g. He is an efficiency expert.
comp: He is an efficient expert.
6.形容詞/復(fù)合形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)
上文中用形容詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
Most nations;
economic development;
political philosophies;
economic growth;
large annual trade deficits
上文中用復(fù)合形容詞作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)是:
the 12-nation European community;
internationally -- minded U.S. firms
形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意1。所修飾的名詞的可數(shù)/不可數(shù)的性質(zhì);2。習(xí)慣搭配;
e.g. He paid much attention to the work unfinished.
e.g. Through news media have we got most/much information we need.
e.g. China is known for a large population.
e.g. We met a heavy traffic just now.
e.g. To him we owned a large/huge debt.
e.g. He earned large sums of money.
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句型匯總
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯總
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試即將開始報(bào)名,本文整理“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”。如果您在此過(guò)程中遇到任何疑問(wèn),請(qǐng)登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)頻道及職稱英語(yǔ)論壇,我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
【摘要】目前備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生在循序漸進(jìn)的進(jìn)行中。環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為考生整理了“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”,希望備考2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試的考生都能順利通關(guān),更多資料敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)考試頻道……
相關(guān)推薦:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試綜合類詞匯練習(xí)匯總
職稱英語(yǔ)核心詞匯推薦:
century n. 世紀(jì),百年(the turn of centuries/世紀(jì)之交);
certain adj. 肯定的,必然的(be certain of/確信,深信;be certain to do必然做。。;一定做。。);(certain – sure肯定的)(certain – bound必然的)
chain n. 鏈(條),一連串,一系列;
chair n. 椅子(take a chair/入座,就座, take the chair/做主席;主持會(huì)議)v. 主持;
chairman n. 主席,會(huì)長(zhǎng)(chairman of the board [of directors]/董事長(zhǎng));
challenge n. 挑戰(zhàn)v. 向……挑戰(zhàn);
chance n. 機(jī)會(huì);可能性(a chance to do sth. /做……的機(jī)會(huì);by chance/偶然,意外地;give sb. a chance/給某人一次機(jī)會(huì));(chance – opportunity機(jī)會(huì))
change n. 改變;找回的零錢 v. 改變 (change into/變?yōu)?for a change/為了改變一下;small change/零錢);(change – convert改變)
channel n. 海峽;水道;頻道;
characteristic adj. 特有的;典型的 n. 特性(be characteristic of.../所獨(dú)有的特征,有……的特色);
charge n.電荷;費(fèi)用;掌管;充電v.控訴;收費(fèi)(in charge of/負(fù)責(zé);in the charge of sb. /由某人負(fù)責(zé);charge sb. with (a crime)/控告某人。。罪);
charming adj. 迷人的;(charming – attractive – pretty – beautiful迷人的)
cheap adj. 便宜的,不值錢的;
cheat n. 欺騙;騙子v. 欺騙(cheat sb. into/哄騙某人……);
check n. 阻止,制止;支票v. 檢查;制止;核對(duì)(blank check /空白支票; check in/登記;報(bào)到;draw a check/開一張支票);
(B)cheerful adj. 快樂(lè)的;高興的;(cheerful – joyful – happy – glad - merry快樂(lè)的)
chemical adj. 化學(xué)的 n. [常pl. ] 化學(xué)制品;化學(xué)藥品;
chemistry n. 化學(xué);
chief adj. 主要的;首要的;首席的;
child n. 孩子;兒女 (pl. )children;
(B)childish adj. 孩子氣的,幼稚的;
China n. 中國(guó);
china n. 陶瓷;陶器(a piece of china/一件瓷器;a set of china/一套瓷器);
Chinese adj. 中國(guó)的;中國(guó)人的;中國(guó)話的 n. 中國(guó)人;中文(Chinese calendar/農(nóng)歷); choice n. 選擇,抉擇;
choose v. 選擇,選定(choose sth. from/among sth. /從……中挑選)(choose –select選擇)
Christmas n. 圣誕節(jié) (Christmas Eve/圣誕節(jié)前夕,平安夜);
chronic adj. 慢性的,持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)的(a chronic disease/慢性病);
cigarette n. 香煙,紙煙;
cinema n. 電影院;電影 (go to cinema/看電影去);
circle n. 圓周;循環(huán)v. 圍;環(huán)繞;盤旋(in a circle/呈圓形);
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句型匯總
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)
2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試備考經(jīng)驗(yàn)匯總
環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示:2017年職稱英語(yǔ)考試即將開始報(bào)名,本文整理“職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹:定語(yǔ)從句”。如果您在此過(guò)程中遇到任何疑問(wèn),請(qǐng)登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語(yǔ)頻道及職稱英語(yǔ)論壇,我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!
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