新概念語法：把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

一、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)概說

英語的語態(tài)分主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)則表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構成：

Everybody likes him. 大家都喜歡他。 (主動語態(tài))

He is liked by everybody. 他受到大家的喜歡。(被動語態(tài))

二、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法

1. 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的基本方法

將主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，將主動謂語變?yōu)楸粍又^語(be+過去分詞)，將主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)閎y短語(在被動句中用作狀語)：

He broke the cup. → The cup was broken by him.

【注意】若不強調動詞執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)中的by短語通常可以省略：

He was born in 1986. 他生于1986年。

What is this flower called? 這種花叫什么花?

2. 雙賓動詞的被動語態(tài)

雙賓動詞即指帶雙賓語的動詞，它們在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，通常是把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，而把直接賓語(指事物)保留下來(稱為保留賓語)：

He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.

有的動詞則通常把直接賓語(指事物)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語，而把間接賓語改為介詞to 或for引起的狀語(到底用to還是for，與所搭配的動詞有關)：

He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her. (與動詞write搭配用介詞to)

She made him a new coat. → A new coat was made for him. (與動詞make搭配用介詞for)

有時以上兩種方式均可用：

He gave her some money. 他給她一些錢。

→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.

He bought her a watch. 他給她買了一塊表。

→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.

3. 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)

被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)由被動結構“be+過去分詞”中的動詞be來體現(xiàn)，其基本結構和用法如下：

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)：am [is, are]+過去分詞

English is taught in our school. 我們學校學英語。

We are taken good care of at school. 我們在學校受到很好的照顧。

(2) 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)：was [were]+過去分詞

He was taken to the police station. 他被帶到了警察局。

The house was built ten years ago. 這座房子是10年前建的。

(3) 一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：will be+過去分詞

A new building will be built here soon. 不久這里將建一棟新樓。

The meeting will be held at two this afternoon. 會議將于今天下午2點舉行。

(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)：have [has]been+過去分詞

All the work has been done now. 所有的工作現(xiàn)在都做好了。

Have the letters been posted? 信都寄了嗎?

(5) 過去完成時的被動語態(tài)：had been+過去分詞

He said the work had been finished. 他說工作已完成了。

(6) 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)：am [is, are] being+過去分詞

My watch is being repaired by him. 我的表正在由他修理。

The plan is now being discussed. 計劃現(xiàn)在正在討論。

(7) 過去進行時的被動語態(tài)：was [were] being+過去分詞

He said that the man was being operated on. 他說那個人正在動手術。

He told me that a new station was being built. 他說正在修建一個新車站。

(8) 過去將來時的被動語態(tài)：would be+過去分詞

He said that the meeting would be held next week. 他說會議將于下周舉于。

4. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動形式

若主動語態(tài)中謂語含有情態(tài)動詞，在相應的被動語態(tài)中通常應保留該情態(tài)動詞，其結構為“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞”：

Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.

請看以下帶情態(tài)動詞被動句實例：

This can’t be done in a short time. 這不是短期內可以完成的。

Can this be done by machine? 這可以由機器來做嗎?

The work must be done at once. 這工作必須馬上做了。

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