新概念語法:注意英語中委婉語的使用
來源: 環(huán)球網(wǎng)校 2022-04-16 08:15:00 頻道: 新概念

新概念語法:注意英語中委婉語的使用

He is a bicycle doctor.

他是單車修理工.

此句不能譯作:"他是個(gè)騎單車的醫(yī)生",因句中的doctor是委婉語(euphemism), 是對(duì)某種職業(yè)的美稱,故不作"醫(yī)生"解,而是表示repair man的涵義. 委婉語起源于遠(yuǎn)古,維多利來女王時(shí)代中期為其鼎盛時(shí)期,在現(xiàn)代英語中, 其出現(xiàn)頻率依然頗高,因?yàn)槿藗兺ㄟ^委婉語,可以用溫順悅耳的詞語去談?wù)摶驍⑹鲆恍┰瓉砹钊瞬豢旎蚰娑挛?為此,他們用domestic help, day help或live-in help代替mail或servant(傭人); 以custodian或superintendent替代doorkeeper, caretaker或janitor(看門人或管理人);用She has a tile loose或She has a cylinder missing去代替She is crazy或She is not right in the head(神經(jīng)失常).

委婉語多如恒河沙數(shù),不勝枚舉,在此略舉數(shù)例,以見一斑:

原 稱 委 婉 語

無線電修理工radio electrician radio doctor

理發(fā)師barber cosmotologist

妓女whore working girl/ street girl

家庭婦女housewife household executive

收垃圾工人garbage collector sanitary engineer

老年old age second childhood

老人old people senior citizens

假牙false teeth dentures

小解piss urinate/ number one

最后請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)委婉類例:

Nowadays many weight-watchers would like to go to the gym.

如今有不少胖人喜歡到健身房去鍛煉.

That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing.

那個(gè)好色之徒現(xiàn)在開始喜歡肚皮舞.

They are the culturally deprived.

他們是沒有學(xué)識(shí)的人.

A library of teaching materials for preventing teenage suicides will open for educators in Hong Kong this year.

今年香港將為教師開設(shè)一家圖書館以提供防止青少年自殺的教學(xué)資料.

值得注意的是,委婉語雖然是"古已有之,于今為烈",但決不能用得過多過濫. 使用時(shí)要考慮場(chǎng)合和對(duì)象,如用得不得體,反而會(huì)使你"欲禮而不達(dá)",甚至令人不知所云,一頭霧水.

☆You can find doctors and doctors in Hongkong!

在香港,既有好醫(yī)生,也有壞醫(yī)生。

這一句不能譯作:“在香港,你能看到很多很多的醫(yī)生”。

英語和漢語一樣,詞的重復(fù)(repetition)是一種修辭手段。一般說來,它表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)語勢(shì),突出語義,以收到音調(diào)和諧、生動(dòng)有力的修辭效果。例如:

Gentlemen may cry,Peace,Peace - but there is no peace.

老爺們盡管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然沒有和平。

(from Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention of 1775 )

Scrooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over.

斯克羅奇又上床睡覺,左思右想,想個(gè)不休。

但是,在某些場(chǎng)合下,將某些詞重復(fù),并不是要收到突出語義的效果,而是為了表示“不同類型”的涵義。例如You will find doctors and doctors in Hong Kong.的語義就相當(dāng)于You can find bad doctors as well as good doctors in Hong Kong. 該句的語義重點(diǎn)放在“也有壞醫(yī)生”上。

下面是兩個(gè)類例:

There are artists and artists.

既有好的藝術(shù)家,也有壞的藝術(shù)家。

You should know that there are books and books。

你們要知道,書有好壞之分,既有好書,也有壞書。

這里要指出,當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞不止重復(fù)一次時(shí),它是表示“大量的”、“許多的”涵義。例如有那么一個(gè)句子:

There were rats and rats and rats all over the house.

當(dāng)然不能把它譯為:“以前這幢房子里有各種各樣的老鼠”。更不能把它譯作:“以前這幢房子里既有壞老鼠,也有好老鼠”。正確的譯法是:“從前這幢房子里到處都是老鼠”。

還要在此補(bǔ)充一句,如果名詞性短語用作狀語重復(fù)一次,并不是表示“不同類型”的涵義,而是要收到加強(qiáng)語氣、突出語義的效果。例如Charles Dickens寫的Oliver Twist里有這么一句:

"Aye, it is!" returned the girl. "It is my living; and the cold, wet, dirty streets are my home; and you're the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that'll keep me there, asy and night, day and night, till I die!"

Nancy在怒罵Jew拖人下水,害人不淺的時(shí)候,就是通過名詞性短語day and night的重復(fù)來加強(qiáng)語勢(shì)的,它所表達(dá)的涵義是:“夜以繼日,日以繼夜,天天如此。”

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