職稱英語(yǔ)《綜合類》語(yǔ)法介紹：虛擬語(yǔ)氣

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　　l 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一些其他用法

　　1.在表示愿望、建議、要求、命令等含義的動(dòng)詞及其派生的同根名詞后面的主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即“should +動(dòng)詞原形”或只用動(dòng)詞原形。這類從句常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：demand, desire, request, require, propose, suggest, recommend, move (提議), order, command, insist等。如：

　　e.g. It is required that the equipment should be tested again before it is actually put into operation.

　　這臺(tái)設(shè)備在實(shí)際投入運(yùn)行前要求再測(cè)試一次。

　　e.g. The experts recommended that highways be provided with sensors buried beneath them to emit signals to the car.

　　老師們建議在公路路面下埋置傳感器使之能向汽車(chē)發(fā)出信號(hào)。

　　e.g. We all insist that we not rest until we finish the work.

　　大家都堅(jiān)決要求不完工就不休息。

　　2.某些形容詞后面的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　在It is necessary (important, imperative必須的，essential, advisable可取的，better)等句型中的主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)一般用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”或只用動(dòng)詞原形。如：

　　e.g. It is imperative that Franck do away with his bad habit.

　　弗蘭克改掉他的壞習(xí)慣是絕對(duì)必要的。

　　e.g. It is essential that men in space should take their own air with them in order to breathe.

　　太空人為了呼吸，自備氧氣是必不可少的。

　　3.在wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

　　動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的主觀愿望。這時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：I wish I could afford a new car. 我要是能買(mǎi)得起一輛嶄新的汽車(chē)就好了。

　　具體形式及用法如下表：

賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)形式(例詞know)	用法
過(guò)去式knew	表示現(xiàn)在未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
過(guò)去完成式had known	表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
過(guò)去將來(lái)式would know	表示將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望

　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去時(shí)為were，適用于一切人稱。例如：

　　e.g. I wish my mother were in good health.我真希望我母親現(xiàn)在的身體健康。

　　4.在以as if, as though (好像，似乎)引出的與事實(shí)不符的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其形式一般用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)。用過(guò)去完成式表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。如：

　　e.g. The moon shines brightly, as if it gave off light by itself.

　　月亮照得很明亮，仿佛它本身發(fā)光一樣。

　　e.g. I was horrified at his appearance. He looked as though he hadn’t slept for weeks.

　　他的外表嚇了我一跳，看上去似乎好幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)睡覺(jué)。

　　注：

　　在由as if, as though引導(dǎo)的從句中通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但如果從句中所傳述的情況實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，則用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如：

　　e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.

　　天似乎要下雨了。

　　5. 用should (would), could, might + 動(dòng)詞原形的形式表示委婉的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　e.g. We’ll have soup to start with. What would you like after that?

　　我們首先上湯，接著你們喜歡上什么菜?

　　e.g. The expert explains that the car’s computer might reduce the car’s speed to get it out of danger.

　　老師解釋說(shuō)汽車(chē)上的計(jì)算機(jī)可以使減速?gòu)亩苊馕ｋU(xiǎn)。

　　6.在“it is (high, about) time+從句”中，表示早該做而沒(méi)有做的事，含建議的意味，其從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例如：

　　Ø It’s (high) time (that) we left now.

　　現(xiàn)在我們?cè)撟吡恕?/p>

　　It’s (about) time (that) the children went to bed.

　　孩子們?cè)撋洗菜X(jué)了。

　　Ø 課堂練習(xí)：

　　1) We require that the leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans.

　　A inform B informs C informed D has informed

　　2) ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

　　A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive

　　3) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a hand.

　　A Not being B Had it not been C Without being D Not having been

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　　核心詞匯推薦:

　　circumstance n. 環(huán)境;境況(circumstances – environment - setting – surrounding 環(huán)境, 情況 ); (in [under] the circumstances/在這種情況下);

　　citizen n. 市民;公民;

　　city n. 城市，都市;

　　civil adj. 全民的;市民的;公民的 ;

　　claim n. (根據(jù)權(quán)利提出)要求;主張v. (根據(jù)權(quán)利)要求，主張(make a claim for/對(duì)(賠償?shù)?提出要求……);

　　class n. 班級(jí);階級(jí);種類;(一節(jié))課(in class/在上課中);

　　classical adj. 古典的;古典文學(xué)的;人文科學(xué)的(classical music/古典音樂(lè); classical school/古典(經(jīng)濟(jì)) 學(xué)派);

　　classify (B) v. 把…分類

　　classmate n. 同學(xué);同班同學(xué);

　　classroom n. 教室;

　　clean adj. 清潔的，干凈的v. 打掃，清掃;

　　clear adj. 清楚的，清晰的(clear – apparent清楚的，清晰的);空曠的; v. 掃除，清除;晴(clear away/清除, 消失);

　　clever adj. 機(jī)靈的，聰明的;

　　climate n. 氣候(political climate/政治風(fēng)氣; a mild climate/溫和的氣候);

　　climb v. 攀登;爬;爬高(climb up[down] the hill/上[下]山);

　　clinic n. 門(mén)診部;臨床;

　　clock n. (時(shí))鐘(around the clock/日以繼夜;整日整夜 (= round the clock));

　　close v. 關(guān)，關(guān)閉;結(jié)束 n. 結(jié)束 adj. 近的，緊密的;精密的;封閉的;親密的(close down/關(guān)閉;封閉;close season/禁獵期; close to/與……接近;與……靠近;將近;在……附近);

　　cloth n. 布;織物;衣料(cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth/量布裁衣，量入為出);

　　clothes n. 衣服;[總稱]被褥;各種衣服(put on [take off] one’s clothes/穿[脫]衣服);

　　clothing n. [集合詞]衣服;

　　cloud n. 云;煙云;

　　cloudy adj. 多云的，陰天的;模糊的;

　　club n. 俱樂(lè)部;

　　clue (B)n. 提示，線索(clue – hint 提示，線索)

　　clumsy (A) adj. 笨拙的, 手腳不靈活的 (clumsy – awkward 笨拙的)

　　coal (A)n. 煤;煤炭;

　　coarse (B) adj. 粗的;粗糙的(coarse – rough粗糙的);未加工的(coarse– crude 未加工的);(表面)不光滑的;

　　coast n. 海岸(along the coast/沿海岸off the coast/在海面上);

　　coat: n. 上衣, (油漆等) 涂層 ; v. 給…穿上外套, 給…上涂

　　coffee: n. 咖啡

　　coin: n. 硬幣

　　cold adj. 冷，寒，凍;冰涼的; 冷靜的; n. 感冒，著涼，傷風(fēng) , 寒冷; (have(catch/get/ come down with) a cold 患感冒)

　　往年考題回顧:

　　變形于(CET-4, 1999,6)

　　We have been told under no ___ may we have the telephone in the office for personal affairs.

　　A. circumstances B. environment C. setting D. surroundings

　　答案A. “under no circumstances + 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)” : 在任何情況下決不…

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the proper subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Chinese.

　　1. Were there no dust, there ________ (be) either very strong sunshine that________(be) harmful to us or a black shadow in which we ________(see) nothing.

　　2. If Newton were to come alive today, he ________ (find) many things to puzzle and excite him, his first concern ________ (be) with the vast changes that have taken place in the concepts of space and time.

　　3. I propose, Mr. Chairman, that the meeting ________ (postpone) until next Thursday.

　　4. ________ I ________ (realize) what you intended, I should not have wasted my time trying to explain matters to you.

　　2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

　　1. Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.

　　2. If I were (was ) better qualifies, I would accept their offer.

　　3. Had you worked harder, you would have succeeded.

　　4. Without sunlight, animals and plants would soon die.

　　5. When we look at the sky at night, it seems as though all the stars were at the same distance.

　　6. Would it be all right if I came round at eight?

　　3. Reading comprehension

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　　Taxi riding 難度：B/C級(jí)

　　In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver? I began studying this question after watching the “Taxicab Confessions (出租車(chē)實(shí)話告白/) ,” a series of documentaries (記錄片)in which hidden cameras record the secrets of unsuspecting (不懷疑的)taxi riders. I found the results varied.

　　One morning I got into three different taxis and announced:” Well, it’s my first day back in New York in seven years. I’ve been in prison.” Not a single driver relied, so I tried again. ”Yeah, I shot a man in Reno,” I explained, hoping the drive would ask me why, so I could say casually,” Just to watch him die.” But nobody asked. The only response came from a Ghanaian driver: “ Reno? That is in Nevada?”

　　Taxi drivers were uniformly sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired. “ This is America,” a Haitian driver said. “ One door is closed. Another is open.” He argued against my plan to burn down my boss’s house:” If you do something silly and they put you away, you cannot look for anther job.” A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope: he refused to take me to the middle of the George Washington Bridge, a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax. Don’t worry. Take a new job.”

　　One very hot weekday in July, While wearing a red ski mask and holding a stuffed pillowcase with the word “BANK” on it, I tried hailing a taxi five times out side different banks. The drive picked me up every time. My ride with Guy-Caaude Thevenain, a Haitian driver, was typical of the superb assistance I received.

　　“Is anyone following us?”

　　“No,” said the driver, looking in his rearview mirror at traffic and me.

　　“Let’s go across the park,” I said.” I just robbed the bank there. I got $25,000.”

　　“$25,000?” he asked.

　　“No, man. I work 8 hours and I don’t make almost $70. If I can do that, I do it too.”

　　As we approached 86th and Lexington, I pointed the Chemical Bank.

　　“Hey, there’s another bank,” I said,” could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”

　　“No, I can’t wait, Pay me now.” His reluctance may have had something to do with money----taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low---- but I think he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. From the Ghanaian driver’s response, we can infer that

　　A) he was indifferent to the killing

　　B) he was afraid of the author

　　C) he looked down upon the author

　　D) he thought the author was crazy

　　2. Why did the Pakistani driver refuse to take the author to the middle of the George Washington Bridge?

　　A) Because he didn’t want to help the author get over his career crisis.

　　B) Because he wanted to go home his relax.

　　C) Because it was far away from his home.

　　D) Because he suspected that the author was going to commit suicide.

　　3. What is the author’s interpretation of the driver’s reluctance” to wait outside the Chemical bank”?

　　A) The driver thought that the rate for waiting time was too low.

　　B) The driver thought it wrong to support a taxi rider unconditionally.

　　C) The driver was frightened and wanted to leave him as soon as possible.

　　D) The driver wanted to go home and relax.

　　4. Which of the following statements is true about New York taxi drivers?

　　A) They are ready to help you do whatever you want to.

　　B) They refuse to pock up those who would kill themselves.

　　C) They are sympathetic with those who are out of work.

　　D) They work only for money.

　　5. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　A) How to make taxi riders comfortable

　　B) How to deal with taxi riders.

　　C) The attitudes of taxi towards the taxi riders having personal cries.

　　D) The attitudes of taxi drivers towards violent criminals.

　　參考答案：

　　1. Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in the proper subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Chinese.

　　1. would be, would be, would see

　　如果沒(méi)有塵土的話，就或者會(huì)有對(duì)我們有害的強(qiáng)烈的陽(yáng)光，或者會(huì)有一個(gè)黑色的陰影，在這個(gè)陰影中我們什么也看不見(jiàn)。

　　2. would find, would be

　　如果牛頓今天還活著的話，他將發(fā)現(xiàn)很多讓他吃驚又困惑的事情。他首先關(guān)注的將會(huì)是在時(shí)間和空間概念上發(fā)生的巨大的變化。

　　3. be postponed

　　主席先生，我建議把會(huì)議推遲到下周四。

　　4. had, realized

　　如果我當(dāng)時(shí)意識(shí)到的你的目的的話，我就不會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間來(lái)給你解釋了。

　　2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

　　1.如果你不需要我們代理給你打電話，請(qǐng)讓我們知道。

　　2.如果我能更好地勝任的話，我就申請(qǐng)那份工作了。

　　3.如果你當(dāng)時(shí)工作更努力的話，你早就成功了。

　　4.如果沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光，動(dòng)植物就會(huì)很快死亡。

　　5.我們晚上看天空時(shí)，看起來(lái)似乎所有的星星都處于離我們同樣的距離。

　　6. 如果我在八點(diǎn)左右來(lái)可以嗎?

　　3. Reading comprehension

　　1. A。分析：利用題干中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)Ghanaian driver’s response,作為答案線索，注意該題考察考生的推斷能力。

　　2. D。分析：利用題干中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)Pakistani driver和the middle of the George Washington Bridge作為答案線索，這樣發(fā)現(xiàn)答案相關(guān)句：

　　A Pakistani driver even turned down a chance to profit from my loss of hope: he refused to take me to the middle of the George Washington Bridge, a $20 trip. “Why you want to go there? Go home and relax . Don’t worry. Take a new job.”

　　3. B。分析：利用題干中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)Chemical bank作為答案線索，這樣發(fā)現(xiàn)答案相關(guān)句：

　　“Hey, there’s another bank,” I said,” could you wait here a minute while I go inside?”

　　“No, I can’t wait, Pay me now.” His reluctance may have had something to do with money----taxi drivers think the rate for waiting time is too low---- but I think (對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的interpretation，確認(rèn)該句就是答案的中心)he wanted me to learn that even a bank robber can’t expect unconditional support.

　　4. C。分析：利用題干中的核心結(jié)構(gòu)New York taxi drivers作為答案線索，這樣發(fā)現(xiàn)答案相關(guān)句：(在文章開(kāi)頭)

　　In a moment of personal crisis, how much help can you expect from a New York taxi driver?

　　再根據(jù)解答前面的問(wèn)題所獲得的對(duì)全文部分內(nèi)容的把握，對(duì)備選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一一分析，篩選，最終確認(rèn)答案為C。其實(shí)文章中第3段第1句話：Taxi drivers were uniformly (一律地)sympathetic when I said I’d just been fired.已經(jīng)明確的點(diǎn)明了該題的答案。

　　5. C。對(duì)被選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分析(該題問(wèn)及文章的中心，對(duì)于這樣的題注意利用排除法解答問(wèn)題。)，判斷答案為C。

　　A How to make taxi riders comfortable(“comfortable”或其近義詞的使用在文章并沒(méi)有看見(jiàn))

　　B How to deal with taxi riders.(借助解答前面的題判斷文章重要是在討論紐約出租汽車(chē)司機(jī)的對(duì)作者設(shè)置的各種情景的反應(yīng)問(wèn)題，因此判斷該項(xiàng)不是答案)

　　C The attitudes of taxi towards the taxi riders having personal cries.

　　D The attitudes of taxi drivers towards violent criminals.(violent criminals只是汽車(chē)司機(jī)提到的一個(gè)例子，因此不是中心)