Knowledge and progress
知識(shí)和進(jìn)步
Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world? Surely progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account. What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature. but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil. It is now being used indifferently for both. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.
為什么進(jìn)步這個(gè)概念在現(xiàn)代世界顯得如此突出?無(wú)疑是因?yàn)橛幸环N特殊的進(jìn)步實(shí)際上正在我們周圍發(fā)生，而且變得越來(lái)越明顯。雖然人類有智力和道德上沒(méi)有得到普遍提高，但在知識(shí)積累方面卻取得了巨大的進(jìn)步。人一旦能用語(yǔ)言同別人交流思想，知識(shí)的積累便開(kāi)始了。隨著書(shū)寫(xiě)的發(fā)明，又邁進(jìn)了一大步，因?yàn)檫@樣一來(lái)，知識(shí)不僅能交流，而且能儲(chǔ)存了。藏書(shū)使教育成為可能，而教育反過(guò)來(lái)又豐富了藏書(shū)，因?yàn)橹R(shí)的增長(zhǎng)遵循著一種“滾雪球”的規(guī)律。印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明又大大提高了知識(shí)增長(zhǎng)的速度。所有這些發(fā)展都比較緩慢，而隨著科學(xué)的到來(lái)，增長(zhǎng)的速度才突然加快。于是，知識(shí)便開(kāi)始有系統(tǒng)有計(jì)劃地積累起來(lái)。涓涓細(xì)流匯成小溪，小溪現(xiàn)已變成了奔騰的江河。而且，新知識(shí)一旦獲得，便得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用。所謂“現(xiàn)代文明”并不是人的天性平衡發(fā)展的結(jié)果，而是積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)際生活中的結(jié)果�，F(xiàn)在人類面臨的問(wèn)題是：用這些知識(shí)去做什么?正像人們常常指出的，知識(shí)是一把雙刃刀，可以用于造福，也可以用來(lái)為害。人們現(xiàn)在正漫不經(jīng)心地把知識(shí)用于這兩個(gè)方面，例如：炮兵利用科學(xué)毀壞人的身體、而外科醫(yī)生就在附近用科學(xué)搶救被炮兵毀壞的人體，還有什么情景比這更可怕、更怪誕的嗎?我們不得不嚴(yán)肅地問(wèn)問(wèn)我們自己：隨著日益增長(zhǎng)的知識(shí)的力量，如果我們繼續(xù)利用知識(shí)的這種雙重性，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么樣的情況呢?
