2018年10月自考英語(一)考前要點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)(4)

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2018年10月自考英語(一)考前要點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)(4)

Unit4　　Text A Inproving Your Memory

本課主要語言點(diǎn)

1. psychological adj. 心理學(xué)的

Psychological factors often play an important part in winning a competition.

(在贏得一場(chǎng)比賽中，心理因素常常起著重要作用。)

Make sure all the kids are psychologically healthy.(確保孩子們心理健康。)

(the person who studies human mind-心理學(xué)家)

在希臘語中，psycho表示“靈魂”，“精神”，“心理”。在英語中，有不少詞是用psycho做前綴構(gòu)成的。除了剛才提到的psychology，psychological， psychologist以外，常見的還有：psychoanalysis(精神分析)， psychotherapy(心理療法)等。

2. focus v. (使)聚焦，(使)集中 ( focus on ) 　n. 焦點(diǎn)，中心

He is focusing his eyes on a painting on the wall.(他正注視著墻上的一幅畫。)

Please focus your attention on the main problems.(請(qǐng)把注意力集中在主要問題上。)

This area became the focus of the world's attention again.(這一地區(qū)再次成為世界注意的中心。)

The 27th Olympic Games is now the focus of people's interest.(眼下第二十七屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)是人們興趣的中心。)

3. basic adj. 基本的，基礎(chǔ)的

They didn't make any effort to solve the basic economic problems.(他們沒有做任何努力去解決基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。)

He even didn't have a basic aim in life.(他連生活的基本目標(biāo)都沒有。)

There are certain factors that are basic to a good relationship between the two countries.(有些因素對(duì)兩國(guó)之間的良好關(guān)系是很重要的。)

It is necessary to teach them some basic mathematical skills.(教他們一些基本的數(shù)學(xué)技能是必要的。)

4. principle n. 原理，原則;信念 principal adj. 主要的n. 校長(zhǎng)，負(fù)責(zé)人;委托人

He won't give in as it is a matter of principle.(這是一個(gè)原則問題，他不會(huì)讓步的。)

The two machines work on the same principle.(這兩臺(tái)機(jī)器的工作原理是一樣的。)

No matter what you do， it is important that you have moral principle.(無論你做什么，道義很重要。)

Rice is the principal food for most of the Chinese people.(米飯是大多數(shù)中國(guó)人的主食。)

Go and ask all the principal persons concerned to come here.(去請(qǐng)所有有關(guān)的主要人員到這兒來。)

She is the principal of that school. (她是那所學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)。)

5. meaningfulness n. 富有意義

mean v. 表示…意思，意味著;打算

meaning n. 意思，意義

meaningful adj. 有意思的，意味深長(zhǎng)的

meaningless adj. 沒有意思的

Meaningfulness and organization are the two basic principles that help memory.(信息的意義和組織是有助于記憶的兩個(gè)基本原則。)

I don't know what he meant by telling me the news.(我不知道他把這個(gè)消息告訴我是什么意思。)

Can you explain the meaning of the word to me?(你能把這個(gè)單詞的意思給我解釋一下嗎?)

They failed to get meaningful results from the experiment.(他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)中沒有得到任何有意義的結(jié)果。)

It is meaningless to argue any further.(再爭(zhēng)辯下去沒有任何意義。)

6. organization n. 組織;機(jī)構(gòu)

organize v. 組織

China will surely become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)。(中國(guó)一定會(huì)成為世界貿(mào)易組織的一員。)

Everything is in a mess because there is a complete lack of organization.(由于組織工作的缺乏，一切處于混亂之中。)

He organized a strike for better working conditions.(為了爭(zhēng)取更好的工作條件，他組織了一次罷工。)

He thought the meeting was badly organized. (他認(rèn)為會(huì)議組織得很糟糕。)

7. association n. 聯(lián)合，結(jié)合;交往;協(xié)會(huì)

associate v. 使聯(lián)合;把…聯(lián)想起來;交往 ( associate with )

associate adj. 副的

The cultural activity was organized by the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries.(這一文化活動(dòng)是由中國(guó)人民對(duì)外友好協(xié)會(huì)組織的。)

The picture reminded me of my brief association with the old lady years ago.(這幅畫使我想起了多年前我與那位老太太的短暫交往。)

Her hometown has happy associations for her.(她的家鄉(xiāng)給了她許多美好的聯(lián)想。)

It is really difficult for me to associate the two ideas.　(對(duì)我來說把這兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)聯(lián)系起來很困難。)

He spent all his spare time associating with boys from the neighboring community.(他把所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間都花在與鄰近社區(qū)男孩的交往上。)

People always associate the name of Abraham Lincoln with the American Civil War.(人們總是把亞伯拉罕-林肯的名字與美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)聯(lián)系在一起。)

an associate professor 副教授　　　　an associate editor副主編

8. visualization n. 想像，設(shè)想

visualize v. 設(shè)想，想像

visual adj. 視覺的;看的見的;形象化的

Like meaningfulness and organization， visualization is also helpful to memory.(如同意義和組織，想像也有助于記憶。)

I just cannot visualize what might become of him.(我無法想像他會(huì)變成什么樣。)

Even though I was not there， I can easily visualize the scene.(盡管我不在那兒，那兒的情景我不難想像。)

I cannot say for sure if it was your visual illusion.(我不能肯定這是不是你的視錯(cuò)覺。)

The stories he wrote are extremely visual.(他寫的故事非常生動(dòng)。)

9. rhyme v. 韻，押韻

rhythm n. 節(jié)奏

I cannot think of a rhyme for “seven”。 (我想不出一個(gè)跟“seven”同韻的詞。)

She called him Guppy， to rhyme with puppy.(她叫他Guppy，是為了跟puppy押韻。)

The rhythm of his speech held the attention of the audience.(他講話時(shí)語調(diào)的抑揚(yáng)頓挫抓住了聽眾的注意力。)

Human biological rhythms are related to the natural cycle of day and night.(人的生物節(jié)奏與晝夜的自然循環(huán)有關(guān)。)

10. ability n. 能力，才能

Human beings have the ability to learn and use a language.(人類有學(xué)會(huì)和使用語言的能力。)

No matter what you do， try to do it to the best of your ability.(不管做什么，你都要盡力而為。)

His ability to master 5 foreign languages wins him the admiration of all his classmates.(他能掌握五門外語的能力贏得了所有同學(xué)的欽佩。)

He has good speaking ability， but his writing ability is poor.(他說的能力很好，但寫的能力差。)

He is a man of outstanding ability.(他是一個(gè)有非凡才能的人。)

11. random adj. 胡亂的，任意的，隨意的　　　n. 無目的或目標(biāo)

The way the books were arranged seemed completely random.(圖書排列的方式似乎很隨意。)

This is just a random selection of all the complaints we have received about our after service.

(我們只是對(duì)所收到的有關(guān)售后服務(wù)方面的投訴隨意地選擇了一下。)

He opened the books at random.(他胡亂地打開了書。)

When his wife was away， he piled the soiled dishes in the kitchen at random.(他妻子外出時(shí)，他把臟碟子亂七八糟地堆在廚房里。)

12. categorize v. 分類

category n. 種類;范疇;部門

If you categorize the information you need to remember， you will find it much easier.(如果你把所需記憶的信息分類，你就會(huì)覺得記憶起來要容易得多。)

They categorized 200 songs as folk songs.(他們把兩百首歌歸為民歌類歌曲。)

These books fall into the category of reference books.(這些書屬參考書類。)

His research does not belong to the category of natural science.(他的研究不屬于自然科學(xué)范疇。)

13. following adj. 接著的，下述的　　prep. 在…之后

the following 如下

He promised the old man that he would come and see him again the following day.(他答應(yīng)老人第二天再來看他。)

After the meeting the following teachers will stay.(會(huì)后，以下的老師請(qǐng)留下。)

The following examples will prove my point.(下面的例子將證實(shí)我的觀點(diǎn)。)

Following the discussion a decision was made.(討論之后便做出了決定。)

Following the concert he went home.(音樂會(huì)后，他就回了家。)

The following are worthy of your attention.(以下幾點(diǎn)值得你們注意。)

The winners of the competition are the following： …(競(jìng)賽獲勝者如下：…)

14. needless adj. 不需要的，不必要的

Needless to say， I don't think much of the proposal he put forward at the meeting.(不用說，我覺得他在會(huì)上提的建議不怎么樣。)

You don't have to take such a needless risk.(你不用去冒這種不必要的險(xiǎn)。)

Don't you think it is a waste of time to give him so much needless are?(你不覺得給他這么多不必要的關(guān)心是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間嗎?)

15. refer v. ( to ) 提到，涉及;參考，查閱;把…歸到…上;使向…請(qǐng)教;有關(guān)聯(lián)

reference n. 參考;提及;關(guān)聯(lián)

The whole thing is finished now， please don't refer to it.(整個(gè)事情都結(jié)束了，不要再提了。)

He often refers to a dictionary for the spelling and meaning of a word.(他常常翻詞典查閱詞的拼寫和意思。)

He referred to her former classmates for her character.(他向她以前的同學(xué)詢問她的品行。)

He referred his defeat to poor health.(他把自己的失敗歸因于身體不好。)

She referred me to Prof. Wang for detailed information.(他叫我去王教授那兒詢問詳情。)

The doctor referred her to a heart specialist.(醫(yī)生囑咐她轉(zhuǎn)診于一位心臟病老師。)

These answers are for reference only.(這些答案僅供參考。)

His play is full of references to the political events of those days.(他的劇本涉及當(dāng)時(shí)的許多政治事件。)

16. relate v. ( to ) 有關(guān)聯(lián);敘述，講述

related adj. 有關(guān)的，相關(guān)的

relation n. 關(guān)系，聯(lián)系

He related the story vividly to the whole class.(他向全班同學(xué)生動(dòng)地講述了那個(gè)故事。)

I don't understand how the result related to / with the cause.(我不理解結(jié)果和原因如何關(guān)聯(lián)。)

If you want me to do this， you have to give me all the related material.(如果你想讓我做這件事，你得把所有相關(guān)的材料給我。)

Don't worry too much about them， they have very good relations.(別太為他們擔(dān)心，他們的關(guān)系很好。)

The two countries have established trade relations.(兩國(guó)建立了貿(mào)易關(guān)系。)

17. accurately adv. 準(zhǔn)確地，精確地

accurate adj. 準(zhǔn)確的，精確的

accuracy n. 準(zhǔn)確，精確

Remember that you have to do this work carefully and accurately.(記住，這項(xiàng)工作得做得細(xì)心而準(zhǔn)確。)

Right now I cannot give you a very accurate estimate.(現(xiàn)在我不能給你一個(gè)非常準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。)

He required that the typing should be done with great accuracy.(他要求打字必須十分準(zhǔn)確。)

18. memorize v. 熟記，記住

Our English teacher asked us to memorize the words we learned today.(我們英語老師要求我們熟記今天所學(xué)的英語單詞。)

It is no easy thing for me to memorize all these telephone numbers.(熟記這些電話號(hào)碼對(duì)我來說真不是一件容易的事情。)

19. repeat v. 重復(fù) repetition n. 重復(fù)

I didn't quite catch what you said just now. Will you please repeat it?(我沒有聽清你剛才說的話，請(qǐng)你重復(fù)一遍，好嗎?)

We cannot repeat our mistakes.(我們不能重復(fù)自己的錯(cuò)誤。)

Repetition is necessary in language teaching and learning.(重復(fù)在語言教學(xué)中是必要的。)

He memorized his lines after many repetitions.(經(jīng)過多次重復(fù)他終于熟記了臺(tái)詞。)

20. preserve v. 保護(hù)，維持;保存

You will soon be near-sighted if you don't preserve your eyesight from now.(如果你不從現(xiàn)在起保護(hù)視力，你很快會(huì)近視的。)

What do you think the United Nations can do in preserving world peace?(你覺得聯(lián)合國(guó)能為維護(hù)世界和平做些什么?)

Deep freezing is the simplest way of preserving food.(深凍是保藏食品最簡(jiǎn)便的方法。)

詞綴法

1. 名詞后綴 -ation; tion; sion

organization，visualization，information，preservation，integration，

relation，association，repetition，separation，addition

2. 動(dòng)詞后綴 -ize

organize，memorize，visualize，categorize，familiarize

3. 名詞后綴 -ence

reference，difference

4. 名詞后綴 -ity

similarity，familairity

本課簡(jiǎn)介

本課介紹了在如何增強(qiáng)記憶方面心理學(xué)所做的研究。信息的意義，組織，聯(lián)想和想像是有助于記憶的幾個(gè)基本原則。如何運(yùn)用這些基本原則呢?課文對(duì)此一一作了介紹，條理十分清楚。學(xué)了本課，相信會(huì)有收獲。

本課語言點(diǎn)

1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

research 在本句中做名詞，這個(gè)詞也可以做動(dòng)詞用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意research的詞類和用法：

1) An excellent piece of research won him the international prize.(一項(xiàng)出色的研究使他獲得了國(guó)際大獎(jiǎng)。)

2) Research shows that the potential of man's brain is limitless.(研究表明人腦的潛力是無限的。)

3) Much research has been done on / into diseases of blood.(在血液病方面人們做了很多的研究。)

4) Scientists have been researching on / into the causes of brain damage.(科學(xué)家們一直對(duì)腦損傷的起因進(jìn)行研究。)

5) They felt very much disappointed as they had been researching for three years but with no result.(做了三年的研究而沒有任何結(jié)果，他們感到很失望。)

focus on 是一個(gè)常用詞組，意思是“集中”，在生詞部分已作了較為詳細(xì)的講解，在此，請(qǐng)翻譯幾個(gè)句子：

1) 他今天準(zhǔn)是累了，他無法把注意力集中在工作上。(He must be very tired today， he just couldn't focus his attention to his work.)

2) 她覺得很不自在，因?yàn)樗械哪抗舛甲⒁曋?She felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.)

3) 這本書著重談了中東的形勢(shì)。(This book focuses on the situation in the Middle East.)

a number of 的意思是“許多”。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意a number of 和the number of 的區(qū)別：

1) A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.(由于污染問題許多工廠被關(guān)閉了。)

2) A number of students have handed in their application forms.(許多學(xué)生都遞交了申請(qǐng)表。)

3) The number of students in our school increases every year.(我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)每年都在增加。)

4) The number of passengers who were injured in the accident is still unknown.(在事故中受傷的乘客人數(shù)還不知道。)

2. It is useful to know how these principles work.

it 在句中做形式主語，真正的主語to know how these principles work，此類結(jié)構(gòu)我們?cè)诘谝缓偷诙卧延辛私?。?qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) It is necessary to learn how to use the computer.(學(xué)會(huì)如何使用計(jì)算機(jī)很有必要。)

2) It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.(找出森林大火的原因很重要。)

3) It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.(要想知道他在想什么很困難。)

work 在本句中的意思是“起作用;產(chǎn)生影響”，請(qǐng)翻譯下面的句子：

1) The doctor said that the medicine would work.(醫(yī)生說藥會(huì)起作用的。)

2) They didn't think his plan would work.(他們認(rèn)為他的計(jì)劃行不通。)

3) They didn't expect that the teacher's encouragement would work such a change in him.(他們沒有料到老師的鼓勵(lì)會(huì)使他產(chǎn)生如此變化。)

3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.

affect 是動(dòng)詞，意思是“影響”。常常會(huì)有一些英語學(xué)習(xí)者把動(dòng)詞affect和名詞effect混淆，請(qǐng)注意下面的句子：

1) The drought would surely affect the harvest.(這場(chǎng)干旱肯定會(huì)影響到收成。)

2) Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.(過度吸煙影響了他的健康，嚴(yán)重的咳嗽使他難以呼吸。)

3) Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.(心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為顏色對(duì)人肯定有影響。)

4) We could all see the effects of the illness on him.(我們都能看出那場(chǎng)病在的身上的影響。)

5) 職務(wù)的變化使他的收入大受影響。(The change in position greatly affected his income.)

6) 他的話對(duì)聽眾沒有任何影響作用。(What he said had little effect on the audience.)

4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember.

that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾information; 主句是Information is difficult to remember.

不定式to remember 用在做表語用的形容詞后面作狀語。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) Einstein was easy to get along with.(愛因斯坦很容易相處。)

2) To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.(對(duì)許多外國(guó)人來說漢語很難學(xué)。)

3) The water in this river is not fit to drink.(這條河里的水不適合飲用。)

4) This question is very difficult to answer.(這個(gè)問題很難回答。)

make sense 的意思是“有意義;可理解”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.(無論你怎么讀，我都不理解這個(gè)句子。)

2) What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.(讀者們無法理解作者在書中所要表達(dá)的意思。)

3) His explanation makes no sense to his students.(學(xué)生們不理解他的解釋。)

5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.

動(dòng)詞不定式to remember在句中做定語，修飾名詞ability.請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.(你們應(yīng)對(duì)自己完成認(rèn)務(wù)的能力有信心。)

2) He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.(他遵守了一大早來的諾言。)

3) They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.(他們有克服所有困難的決心。)

4) We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.(我們能看出她急于解決這個(gè)問題。)

make a difference 的意思是“有關(guān)系;有影響;起作用”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.(他說的話不會(huì)對(duì)我做決定產(chǎn)生任何影響。)

2) Your participation in the work will make a great difference.(你參與我們的工作，情況就不一樣了。)

3) Money won't make much difference to him.(錢對(duì)他起不了多大作用。)

4) I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.(我不喜歡那房子的外觀，但它的位置和價(jià)格起了重要作用。)

6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

句中的better是副詞well的比較級(jí)形式，意思是“更好地”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) This story is better written than that one.(這個(gè)故事寫得比那個(gè)好。)

2) This room is better furnished than that one.(這間屋子裝飾得比那間好。)

3) This team is better trained than that one.(這個(gè)隊(duì)訓(xùn)練得比那個(gè)隊(duì)好。)

4) This job is better paid than that one.(這份工作的報(bào)酬比那份高。)

information是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞，不能在其后加“-s”。請(qǐng)看例句：

1) There are many ways of obtaining information.(獲得信息的途徑很多。)

2) So far I haven't got any information about the game.(我至今還沒有得到有關(guān)比賽的任何消息。)

3) I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.(我肯定這一消息對(duì)他們會(huì)很有價(jià)值。)

7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

在第一單元的Text B中我們已經(jīng)對(duì)consist of有所了解。這一詞組的意思是“由…組成”，它與be made up of;be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。請(qǐng)看例句：

1) The United States consists of 50 states.(美國(guó)由50個(gè)州組成。)

2) The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.(英國(guó)由大不立顛和北愛爾蘭組成。)

3) Their team is made up of 6 team members.(他們隊(duì)由6名隊(duì)員組成。)

4) Our class is made up of 45 students.(我們班由45名同學(xué)組成。)

a bit在句中的意思是“一點(diǎn)，一些”，它可以用在形容詞的前面， 但是不能用在名詞的前面。在名詞前面必須用a bit of.請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

1) I am a bit tired today.(我今天有點(diǎn)累。)

2) He said he was bit hungry.(他說他有點(diǎn)餓。)

3) Your article is a bit long for our paper. (你的文章對(duì)我們的報(bào)紙來說有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)了。)

4) He gave the bird a bit of water. (他給了鳥兒一點(diǎn)水。)

5) I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.(如果你能給我一點(diǎn)寶貴建議我會(huì)很感激的。)

6) I only know a bit of Spanish. (我只懂一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)西班牙語。)

8. Categorizing is another means of organization.

句中的means是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“方式;手段”，它不是動(dòng)詞mean的第三人稱單數(shù)。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

1) The quickest means of travel is by plane. (最快的旅行方式是乘飛機(jī)。)

2) Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. (自行車是最方便的交通工具。)

3) Email is a modern means of communication. (電子郵件是一種現(xiàn)代通訊方式。)

4) He means what he says. (他說話算數(shù)。)

5) Forgetting the past means betrayal. (忘記過去就意味著背叛。)

9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows：

group into在句中的意思是“把…分組;把…歸類”。請(qǐng)看例句：

1) We can group the animals into several types. (我們可以把這些動(dòng)物歸成幾類。)

2) Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.(把類型相似的單詞歸類，記起來就更容易了。)

as follows 的意思是“如下”，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) The full text reads as follows： (全文如下：)

2) The results are as follows： (結(jié)果如下：)

10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately.

refer to這一詞組的意思很多，我們?cè)趩卧~部分已做過講解。該詞組在本句中的意思是“涉及;指”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子：

1) In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.(在第二章中，我還會(huì)提到這一點(diǎn)的。)

2) The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.(我文章中的數(shù)目字指的是注腳。)

3) The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.(作者在他的故事中幾次提到他的祖父。)

we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定語從句，前者修飾material，后者修飾something.請(qǐng)看例句：

1) The book you gave me is very interesting.(你給我的那本書很有趣。)

2) The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.(他告訴我的那個(gè)消息使我們大家深感不安。)

3) The information you gathered is of great help to me.(你收集的那些信息對(duì)我很有幫助。)

句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“與…有關(guān)系”，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) His talk mainly related to environmental protection.(他的講話主要是關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的。)

2) This regulation relates only to children under 12.(這一規(guī)則僅適用于12歲以下兒童。)

11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.

striking在句子中做形容詞用，意思是“顯著的，引人注目的”，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.(在5年的時(shí)間里，他們?cè)谏虡I(yè)上取得了驚人的成功。)

2) Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.(海倫的面部特征與她的母親十分相像。)

3) I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.(我不能確定他這次能否成功，其只是覺得他明顯信心不足。)

to be remembered不定式的被動(dòng)形式做定語，修飾the items.請(qǐng)看例句：

1) There are a lot of things to be done.(有很多事要做。)

2) Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend?(你準(zhǔn)備參加本周末舉行的記者招待會(huì)嗎?)

3) This was the first project to be designed John's brother. (這是約翰的哥哥設(shè)計(jì)的第一個(gè)工程。)

12. In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words.

subject在本句中做名詞用，意思是“受試者，實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象”。Subject這個(gè)詞的詞義很多，請(qǐng)看例句，注意subject的詞義：

1) The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。(今天討論的題目是“人口與教育”。)

2) The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.(老師把故事的主題詳細(xì)講給全班同學(xué)聽。)

3) How many subjects are you taking this semester?(這學(xué)期你選幾門課?)

4) He became the subject for ridicule.(他成了人們?nèi)⌒Φ膶?duì)象。)

5) Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.(兔和鼠常被用作醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的對(duì)象。)

6) He is a Chinese subject.(他是中國(guó)國(guó)民。)

7) This sentence doesn't have a subject.(這個(gè)句子沒有主語。)

subject還常常做動(dòng)詞或形容詞用，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) The country was once subjected to foreign rule.(這個(gè)國(guó)家曾一度受外國(guó)統(tǒng)治。)

2) Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.(臺(tái)北去年遭受了嚴(yán)重的地震災(zāi)害。)

3) We are all subject to the laws of nature.(我們都要受自然規(guī)律的支配。)

4) The child is very subject to coughs.(這孩子動(dòng)不動(dòng)就咳嗽。)

5) All men are subject to death.(人總有一死。)

while 在句子中做連詞用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一個(gè)多義詞，請(qǐng)注意下面例句中while 的意思：

1) Strike while the iron is hot.(趁熱打鐵。)

2) He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.(他一邊聽收音機(jī)，一邊做作業(yè)。)

3) He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.(他很健談，而他的孿生兄弟則少言寡語。)

4) While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.(這個(gè)老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜歡。)

5) You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.(只要你不失去信心，你遲早會(huì)成功。)

using imagery分詞做狀語，表示方式，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) They stood there waiting for the bus.

2) She had to work standing up.

13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

劃線部分是該句的主要成分，forming an integrated image動(dòng)名詞短語做主語，can help做謂語，us to preserve a memory做復(fù)合賓語。

斜體部分是一個(gè)“with + 名詞 + 過去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，做方式狀語，修飾動(dòng)名詞短語forming an integrated image.

不定式與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，做動(dòng)詞賓語的現(xiàn)象在英語中很常見，在前幾講中我們也遇到過。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：

1) Would you like Tom to go with you?(你愿意湯姆和你一起去嗎?)

2) He wants you to see him in the afternoon.(他想讓你下午去見他。)

3) Father encouraged him to study harder.(父親鼓勵(lì)他更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。)

4) I will get someone to help you.(我去找個(gè)人來幫你。)

“with + 名詞 + 過去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在英語中也很常見，請(qǐng)看例句：

1) With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.(隨著這個(gè)問題的解決，計(jì)劃正順利進(jìn)行。)

2) Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.(這么多人注視著她，于她而言，站在那兒是一種折磨。)

本課主要詞組及句型

詞組：

1. focus on 2. a number of

3. at all levels 4. make sense

5. make a difference 6. in random order

7. consist of 8. group into

9. as follows 10. needless to say

11. refer to 12. relate…to

13. associate with 14. compare with

句型：

A.定語從句

1) Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.

2) Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember

3) There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.

4) Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.

5) Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.

B. 動(dòng)名詞做主語

1) Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.

2) Categorizing is another means of organization.

3) Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.

Text B Short-term Memory

短語表達(dá)

1. at a later time

Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time.

I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.

2. in contrast (with / to)

Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent.

His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.

3. look up

I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me?

Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word.

4. be unable to

I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand.

He was unable to provide us with more information.

5. be released from

He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.

He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease.

6. be rewarded with

The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.

If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.