2019年catti筆譯二級試題：愛爾蘭

Ireland is a sovereign state in western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a quarter of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.

Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.

Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an uNPRecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.

In 2011 and 2013 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.

The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2% since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1% of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6%.

Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average。

Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race is illegal.

Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.

愛爾蘭是西歐主權(quán)國家，面積占愛爾蘭島的 5/6，僅與北愛爾蘭接壤。首都都柏林是最大的城市，人口約為全國 460萬人口的 1/4。愛爾蘭是單一制議會(huì)制共和國，總統(tǒng)由選舉產(chǎn)生并擔(dān)任國家元首，政府首腦則由眾議院提名產(chǎn)生。

愛爾蘭獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭以及隨后的《英愛條約》簽署之后，愛爾蘭于1922年脫離聯(lián)合王國獲得獨(dú)立。獨(dú)立之初，愛爾蘭只是一個(gè)自治領(lǐng)，1931年英國議會(huì)通過《威斯敏斯特條例》，其完整的獨(dú)立立法權(quán)才得到英國正式承認(rèn)。1937年，愛爾蘭制定，新憲法定國名為愛爾蘭。1949年，愛爾蘭通過《1948年愛爾蘭共和國法案》，宣布成為共和國。

按人均GDP來看，愛爾蘭位居全世界最富有國家之列。1973 年，愛爾蘭頒布了一系列自由經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長，也導(dǎo)致社會(huì)不平等問題加劇。1995 年至 2007 年，愛爾蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展。然而，隨著 2008 年空前的金融危機(jī)與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰，這一良好經(jīng)濟(jì)展勢頭戛然而止。

2011年和2013年，根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國人類發(fā)展指數(shù)報(bào)告》，愛爾蘭成為世界第七大最發(fā)達(dá)國家。在其他多個(gè)國家評價(jià)指標(biāo)中排名也非常出色，包括新聞出版自由、經(jīng)濟(jì)自由、公民自由。該國遵循不結(jié)盟的中立外交政策。

2011年，愛爾蘭總?cè)丝谶_(dá)到4,588,252，相比2006年增長了8.2%。截止2011，愛爾蘭擁有歐盟最高的出生率：16‰。2012年，未婚先孕而出生的新生兒占35.1%。2002年至2006年期間，年人口增長率超過2%，原因是較高的自然增長率以及移民涌入。2006年至2011年期間增長率略微下降，平均增長率為1.6%。

在性別平等方面，愛爾蘭排名世界第五。2011年，愛爾蘭獲評歐洲最慈善國家，世界第二大最慈善國家。1979之前，愛爾蘭控制避孕藥使用，但由于天主教教會(huì)影響日漸衰微，愛爾蘭社會(huì)越來越世俗化。1983年，愛爾蘭第八憲法修正案確立“未出生的胎兒享有生命權(quán)”，胎兒同母親具有“同等生命權(quán)利”。第十三以及第十四修正案通過后，公民開始享有在國外墮胎的權(quán)利，并享有了解、獲取相關(guān)“服務(wù)”信息的權(quán)利，這種服務(wù)在國外合法，但在愛爾蘭是非法的。1937年憲法禁止公民離婚，1995年第十五修正案廢除了這一條目。與歐盟平均水平相比，愛爾蘭離婚率非常低。同時(shí)，結(jié)婚率略高于歐盟平均水平。

愛爾蘭憲法禁止死刑，此外，年齡、性別、性取向、婚姻、家庭狀況、宗教等方面的歧視都是非法的。

愛爾蘭在2002年率先對塑料購物袋使用征收環(huán)境稅，2004年又成為第一個(gè)推行公眾場所禁煙令的國家。愛爾蘭廣泛實(shí)施廢物循環(huán)利用，并已成為歐盟包裝循環(huán)利用率第二高的國家。

考生如果怕自己錯(cuò)過考試報(bào)名時(shí)間和考試時(shí)間的話，可以 免費(fèi)預(yù)約短信提醒，屆時(shí)會(huì)以短信的方式提醒大家報(bào)名和考試時(shí)間。

環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示：以上內(nèi)容是英語翻譯資格頻道為您整理的2019年catti筆譯二級試題：愛爾蘭，點(diǎn)擊下面按鈕免費(fèi)下載更多精品備考資料。